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目前，D 2胃癌根治术治疗局部进展期胃癌，是被人们广泛接受的手术方式。其主要内容包括大网膜和网膜囊的完整切除和网膜囊外D 2范围内的淋巴结清扫。可是，在一系列的临床试验中，人们发现，无论是系统性淋巴结清扫，还是大网膜和网膜囊的完整切除，都没能为胃癌患者带来肿瘤学获益，反而徒增外科学风险。这些事实，与胃癌外科的预期乃至胃肠外科的预期产生了严重的冲突。胃背侧系膜近侧段（PSDM）的重新论证表明，大网膜和网膜囊不是胃背侧系膜，局部生理学结构（如血管、淋巴）和病理学事件（如局部淋巴转移、第五转移）只会在PSDM内，既往手术由于不认识PSDM，而将其打破，不仅仅引发过多的术中出血，更导致癌细胞从PSDM中泄漏到手术野，为复发埋下祸根。对局部进展期胃癌，建议进行D 2范畴内的PSDM完整切除（即D 2+CME），可以同步改善患者的外科学效果和肿瘤学获益。这些PSDM相关研究的结果，解决了胃癌外科、胃肠外科乃至肿瘤外科长期以来悖论和悬而未决的难题，开启了肠外系膜发现和利用的时代，由此形成的膜解剖理论，有可能使得经典解剖学、病理学、外科学和肿瘤学中的相关知识点，得以更新和迭代升级。

In radical gastrectomy, D2 systemic lymphadenectomy, which includes complete resection of the bursa sac and omentum, and D2 extended lymphadenectomy outside the bursa sac, is a standard procedure accepted by gastrointestinal surgeons generally. However, a series of clinical trials showed that both D2 extended lymphadenectomy and bursectomy could not improve oncologic benefit, but increase surgical risk. These findings showed a lot of conflicts in gastric cancer surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, even in oncological surgery. It was demonstrated that bursa sac and greater omentum were neither mesogastrium nor the proximal segment of dorsal mesogastrium (PSDM), which has been identified recently. Local physiological structures (such as blood vessels and lymphatic nodes) and pathological events (such as lymph nodes metastasis and metastasis V) only occur in mesentery in broad sense (i.e. PSDM). Broken PSDM during radical gastrectomy can result in cancer cell leakage into the operational field. Therefore, complete PSDM excision in the D2 field (D2+CME) is suggested as a better procedure for local advanced gastric cancer, which can get benefits not only in surgical hazard, but also in oncologic result. The results of PSDM research could lead to three changes: (1) resolving some long standing problems in gastric cancer surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, and even oncologic surgery; (2) opening an new era for finding and utilizing extra-intestinal mesentery in broad sense; (3) formulating the theory of membrane anatomy which may update, iterate and upgrade related information of classical anatomy, pathology, surgery and oncology.